文献综述：
糟朽木器细胞壁超微构造及区域化学的研究进展
摘要：考古遗址出土木制品受其埋藏条件、埋藏时间、降解因子，乃至出土后的存放条件的影响，会存在不同的结构变化和理化特性。干燥条件下出土的木器，即出土于年降水量较少的地区，木材多数表现为材质松软、脆弱易碎。这主要是由于木材主要化学组分多糖大量降解，木质素结构也发生变化，其细胞壁超微构造亦呈现不均匀性。通过对近年来国内外考古遗址出土木材的研究，尤其是干旱地区出土木器，本文综述了糟朽木器的降解特性及超微构造，分析了埋藏条件对木材细胞壁区域化学的影响，比较了不同木材细胞壁超微构造变化的异同；并结合目前较为先进的测试方法和保护技术，提出了未来糟朽木器现场发掘时和馆藏状态下的保存保护方法。
关键词：降解；多糖；木质素；考古木材；干缩；脆弱；加固
Research status of ultrastructure and histochemistry on cell wall of archeological wood
Abstract: During the burial conditions, burial period, degradation factors, and even storage conditions after excavation, the archeological wooden objects could present different structural changes, also the physical and chemical characteristics. Most of the excavated wooden objects unearthed in dry conditions, especially from the areas with low annual rainfall, appears fragile and brittle characteristics, which is sensitive during transportation and environment changes. This is because the main chemical components of cell wall severely degraded, which namely polysaccharides. The ultrastructure of cell wall is also uneven changed. Based on previous studies of archeological wooden objects, especially the researches on the wood excavated in arid areas, the degradation characteristics and ultrastructure of decayed wood are summarized. The influence of burial conditions on the histochemistry of wood cell wall is discussed. The similarities and differences of the cell wall ultrastructural changes on different wood species are also compared. Combined with the current advanced techniques and preservation process, the suitable and effective method for deteriorated wooded objects on site and in the state of collection are proposed.
Keywords: degradation; polysaccharides; lignin; archeological wood; shrinkage; fragile; reinforcement
前言
考古遗址发掘出土的木制文物受埋藏条件影响，木材发生了不同程度的降解，导致其化学成分发生变化，由此出土后的转运及保存条件的变化将极易引起木制文物变形、破损。出土木器依据其保存状态基本上可以分为两种类型：北方干燥地区出土的潮湿而糟朽木器与南方潮湿地区出土的饱水木器[1]。由于独特的自然环境和干燥气候，我国西北地区出土木器大多属于典型的糟朽木器类型。这些糟朽木器常因自身木质结构与形态的脆弱性易受外部因素侵蚀而变形翘曲，最终使木器发生破损。因此，对糟朽木器细胞壁超微结构以及理化特性的研究十分必要的，这是科学保护珍贵糟朽木器文物的基础。本文将从木材细胞壁的超微构造、细胞壁的微区化学、糟朽木器的病害类型和腐蚀机理、古木的构造和理化特性以及糟朽木器的保护技术等几个方面综述前人对出土文物的研究，分析不同埋藏条件对木材细胞壁区域化学的影响，比较了不同树种木材结构变化的异同；并结合目前较为先进的测试方法和保护技术，提出了未来糟朽木器现场发掘时和馆藏状态下的保存保护方法。
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